人类的文化、文明、斗争及终局（2020年2月修改）

——人类文明和终结

 

The Culture, Civilization, Struggle and Endings of Mankind

(English Translation Follows)

 

人们已步入高级文明阶段，回顾以往，我们说，除了历史上的误解，人类真正的文明是不会有根本的冲突。有冲突的是人类思想文化中的消极因素所造成。冲突的基本不是人类美好的文明所造成。古今中外，人类文明的标准，欣赏美好事物的标准大同小异，但利益的不同驱使人类之间的冲突。在那十分落后年代里，一国侵略另一国，进行领土扩张是古代人们攫取经济利益的主要方法，尽管客观作用不同。欺负另一相对弱小的民族，或统治阶级对本国人民的欺压都是思想文化中的消极因素所造成，这些行为的主观动机绝不能称之为人类的文明。文明不应以文明的某些产物为标准，而以是否推动历史前进为标准。这样文明不仅概况了人类几十万年的发展史，而且将思想道德一起纳入是否文明的范畴（详细另文）。

 

表面上看，以美国为代表的欧洲基督教，和两伊为代表的伊斯兰教在近几十年发生的冲突是基督教与伊斯兰教上千年矛盾斗争的延续，甚至有人提出这是基督教文明与伊斯兰教文明的冲突。两教的斗争是客观现实，但这一斗争不应简单归结为两种文明的冲突，这说法混淆了冲突发起者的反面而落后的动机与受害的结果，这动机决不文明。这实质大部分应归结到私有制引发的经济政治宗教利益的冲突。私有制一旦失去法律的约束，就必然会处处表现出严重的自私，损人利己的行为，打算兼并对方的企图。塞缪尔·亨廷顿预测基督教与伊斯兰教的矛盾与斗争将激化，固然重要，但对这矛盾与激化的性质好坏作用正确的分析更为重要。

 

文化不等于文明。人类在漫长的历史中，由于隔断，不同种族部落形成了不同国家，不同文化，一直延续至今。要说明文化就要包括它的过去，现在和未来。文化是文明的基础，是人类思想的表达，它的主要意义在于满足人类物质和精神的不同需要和思想的继承。没有思想或没含有思想的东西不是文化。而文化有历史的积极和消极因素之分，文化的积极因素就是人类的文明。比如，自几十万年前由火的使用实现由猿人变成现代人的决定意义的第一次飞跃所体现的远古文明，能推动生产发展制度的实行，推广及颂扬，推动社会进步的上层建筑和对外关系及其意识，一项工程，科研技术，文艺表演，绘画雕刻建筑，军事艺术，积极的法律，劝人为善的宗教，进步的信仰及推广等等一起构成了人类的文明，美好的事物。这体现在秦始皇统一文字，钱币，度量衡和车同轨 ，中国春秋战国的哲学思想，汉唐文明，历代文学和进步的哲学，现在的改革开放和经济发展；欧洲古希腊文明，文艺复兴，各种文艺绘画雕刻建筑，工业革命，各种积极的政治学说，欧洲战后的经济发展；美国的独立，解放奴隶，现在美国的经济发展及适合国情的民主意识与架构等等。

 

人类的文明不会因为自己强大而欺负弱小，不能坐视贫富的存在和扩大等，虽然一开始，它这样的呼声比较微弱，但这真正体现了文明的呼声。消极因素是历史中反面的因素。有些历史中的积极因素可能会随着生产条件的进步等又转化为消极因素。消极因素会在人类不同种族之间，在一国人们之间造成冲突。因此除临时误解外，文明之间可能产生一定的冲突，但造成人们冲突的主要根源是人类文化中的消极因素。人类文化的积极因素即文明基本上是一致的，不会发生根本冲突。

 

只有这样理解文化和文明，才不会乱用人类文化与文明一词，轻易说什么文明的冲突，好像欺负侵略别国进行领土扩张是美好事物与美好事物发生的冲突与矛盾。只有这样区分文化与文明，才能区分人类历史的正面和反面思想，区分积极和消极因素。将文化积极因素与消极因素混为一谈，就无法区分历史与现实的善与恶，丑与美。

 

从世界历史来看，人类有两大斗争，即和自然的斗争与人类之间的斗争，并在其中表现了两大进步和两大错误。

 

第一是人类和大自然的斗争，这是人类改变自己贫穷落后的斗争。在这之中，人类的巨大进步表现为以工业革命为标志的在生产力和生产条件上取得的巨大进步。但错误的是在这和自然的斗争中人类不应走入错误的地步，就是不应由于过分的索取对气候和环境做出不可逆转的根本破坏。这破坏可能毁坏人类赖以生存的地球及环境。这斗争应该超越一切人间的争斗。这比较清楚。

 

第二类斗争是人与人之间的斗争，最终目的只能是彻底消除贫富差距。这一目的既是任何崇高目标的具体化，又是任何文明不可推卸的道德责任。现在多数人从少数人手里争取平等分配的权力，包括国家之间层面的斗争，包括发展经济和人民与统治者争取好的待遇和争取福利。当然多数人也将不会压迫少数人，只要人们做的合法。于是人类之间斗争的最后结局必将是取得人类之间的平等。因此，平等最后的关键，最彻底的是财富分配权力的平等，就是彻底消灭贫富差别。

 

撕裂任何社会最大的最根本的问题是贫富巨大的差别，从绝对贫富差别到相对贫富差别一直是困扰人类的问题。贫富差别是一切不合理现象的最终根源，消灭了贫富差别就是消灭了一切不合理的现象。贫富差别在于财富享有的差别，这是私有者最不愿意提及的问题，但又是最关键的问题。“多劳多得”只是在生产条件相对艰苦的情况下才正确。当科学的进步使大多数劳动的强度减轻到人们都能自愿参加时，任何“多劳”也就不再存在，那“多得”也就自然失去存在的理由。那时在财富大量生产的基础上，于是人类最根本的平等，财富享有的平等将取代贫富差距。

 

在这斗争中，人类所取得的最根本的进步是平等的意识。但平等有政治上的平等和经济上的平等。人类在意识形态上最大的差别在对私有制和公有制的认识上。私有制尤其资本主义成就了人类过去的辉煌，因它集中了人类宝贵但并不富裕的资源。但这并不意味着永恒，原因就在于私有以人世间的不平等为其基础，这是不可逾越的门槛。逾越过去就不再是私有制，因为财富平等分配了为什么还需要私有制？作为人类是必定要逾越的，因为人类发展必定要平等。1948年联合国提出《世界人权宣言》表现了人类要求平等在政治上的巨大进步。但缺点是联合国在做这宣言时，没有看到人类没有经济上的彻底平等就不会有政治上的真正平等。经济的彻底平等决不仅是工作机会的平等，当然这是先决条件。经济上的平等还意味着人人享有劳动分配权的平等。这是《世界人权宣言》所欠缺的基础和理想。而经济全面平等的必要条件是私有制的灭亡和公有制的建立。因私有制的自然倾向和基础是劳动分配的不平等，私有者要想得到更多的激励就需不断扩大贫富差距，就是加大不平等。只有公有制人类才有可能彻底平等，才可能彻底消灭贫富差别，因为财富归集体而不是个人，才可能平均分配。

 

在世界的事物中，谁主导，这并不应成为问题，而不能像最近的慕安会所讨论的中心议题那样。它必然随着各国经济的发展速度的不同而变化。不要老向后看，而要向前看。老向后看，就会越看越不服气，甚至做出不文明的举动。向前看就会不断激励前进。关键的是在不对外掠夺欺负弱小的国家的条件下，谁使他的人民生活更幸福，更平等，更快地消灭贫富差距。当然短时间看，各自发展的重点有不同，但在合理的时间内应该有交代。

 

所谓现代关键文明价值的差异，其实不是东西方文明价值的不同，而是责任不同和认识的问题。首先是是历史重点发展的顺序不同，其次是认识的缺陷不能代表文明的不同。"虚伪民主"一说从理论本质上是抹杀了民主的巨大进步意义，哪怕是部分的民主也好。我们必需承认这些思想在政治上有巨大的进步意义，是文明的巨大进步。但所谓"威权"一说又将先经济再政治所选择的发展顺序给否定，而要照一国模式千篇一律，这在理论上实践上是有害的。根本缺陷在于缺乏经济基础。经济需达到一定的富裕，政治民主自然会顺应历史的潮流而发展。但政治民主发展了而经济民主不发展，政治民主也发展不了。文明的现实是以民主推动历史前进为准，就是说二者必是平衡的，相辅相成的。 从推动历史前进讲只有经济上真正平等了才能真正做到人民的自由平等和人权。而经济平等不只是机会的平等而且是财富分配上的平等。至于民主现在的问题它不仅是钱，而且谈民主必须要谈集中，因为民主和集中是相辅相成的。

 

哈耶克判断市场经济是人类迄今所能发现的最有效率且较为理想的一种资源配置体制，迄今为止大体是对的。但历史在前进，其中电脑和5G技术的逐步采用，已和哈耶克的时代完全不同，正在颠覆性地大幅度提高他那时的生产力和生产条件。电脑和5G正以哈耶克时代不可想象的天文数字的规模快速运算。一国人口最多十几亿的数量级，或整个世界几十亿人口的数量级，对计算机无论是计算速度上还是储存都是轻而易举的事。 不过怎样把这天文数字规模的快速运算转化为更有效率的经济活动仍没有解决，中国只是开始大规模解决这问题。因这不光是计算和及时反应消费需求及其变化的问题，还有各国私有制割断经济的现实。因此，到现在为止，市场经济仍是最有效率的，而绝非计划经济。到现在为止采用或部分采用计划经济的中国，仍依靠市场对供需平衡做最后的调节，例如国企和民营经济的组成和它们各自对经济贡献的现实。那怕是计划生产的部分也最终依靠市场的最后调节。就证明市场经济的高效。但，我们可通过非凡大脑的想象和预计，计划经济将通过电脑和5G的运用，向我们展示人类可以比盲目的市场经济，更有效的利用资源，更及时反应市场的需求及其变化。人类最终可以更好地计划自己的事情，从而避免市场经济由于盲目性所带来的周期性经济危机。

 

在国与国的斗争中，这世界现在缺乏有效的强制性的法律，一些国家任意以强凌弱，这对外斗争比其国内斗争，更凸显在同类中是否能文明，是否尊重道德准则。人类经历的两次世界大战是近代史上，人类最黑暗的最不文明的时期。想当爱国英雄，精神可嘉，但要小心和纳粹的区别。希特勒和纳粹一开始就表现了狂热的爱国精神，但后来露出狰狞，发动侵略和屠杀。在第二次世界大战中，纳粹表现了极端的民族利己主义，不仅发动侵略，更凶残的是灭族的大屠杀。禁止核扩散是对的，但问题是提出超过防核不扩散的要求，更深层次要最大限度地追求军事利益，而毁掉六国达成的防核扩散的国际条约。因过分的要求而遭到拒绝后，就采用极端施压的手段，实则是不遗余力的侵害别的民族利益，以满足本国本民族所谓安全的利益。对別的民族极限施压，就是极端侵害别人的利益，是反人类文明的。因为所谓“极限施压”就是不分军事上还是民生上都采取打压政策，甚至连第三国说句公道话，也加以攻击，加以报复，这有点黑社会的做法，就差没有屠杀了。 爱国英雄与纳粹都是在有关本国利益的行动中所形成。爱国是保卫多数人认可的本国利益遭到严重侵害，而纳粹是以保护本国利益为名义，严重侵害他国，屠杀他民族。关键区别是有否侵害其他民族的利益。 如因在禁核运动中过分的要求而发动对别人的战争，就不是正义，就不是文明的，就是屠杀，那就和纳粹的行动差不多,那将是极其黑暗和极其反文明的。

 

我们已进入21世纪，文明曙光已普照全人类，要认清什么是文明，什么是反文明，切不要打着为本民族的利益，走纳粹的老路，侵害别民族的利益。这现在是文明还是黑暗的关键时期。世界强国应扶助弱小，不是0和比赛，更不能强者靠欺凌弱小而使自己更强，而是要共生共赢。现代文明表明世界的人类社会是一个共同体。

 

历史上，少数人为了更快地过上好日子，人类在所有制上走了一条曲折的路线。就是从勉强维生的原始公有制到分配不公平的私有制，再在物质生产极大丰富的基础上，不可避免地回归到分配公平的公有制。总之，消灭贫富差距是人类各种文明的中心和目的，根本使人类摆脱动物弱肉强食的思维方式和行动。它是东西方文化各种文明的最大公约数，是迄今为止各种积极的主张和政治学说最终必然的结论和伟大目标。

 

人类在与自己斗争的过程中，犯的最大错误就在于因斗争而发明与扩散了可以毁灭人类的原子武器。因为原子武器可能导致人类的灭亡，根本破坏我们赖以生存的环境与地球。有原子武器的国家必需联合起来，共同承诺不首先对任何一方使用核武器，否则怎样能要求没有核武器的国家口服心服地不去掌握核武器。保留首先使用核武器就是保留人类毁灭的可能！虽然公开做这一承诺从斗争的策略上讲似乎不利，但从人类的命运上讲，却是真正制止核武器和扩散不可少的第一步。

 

在这两个斗争的根本错误造成重大损害之前，人类是否能将其纠正，它们直接关系到人类的最终结局。人类的自然结局，孔子在两千多年前就说过，“不患寡而患不均”。现在看来，寡产生不均不公平，但这不公平也激励着多，多的自然结局必是均。这里的多指的是各种劳动者的多，不是不劳而获者的多。这就是历史。

 

中美之间的较量和竞争，是迄今为止历史上最大规模的一次竞争。这竞争应该可以在较平静的环境下进行，构成良性竞争，像体育比赛，在严格而合理的规则下，各自集中力量提高各自的成绩，而不能因担心落后使用任何招术借口给对方捣乱。私有经济使人只看到和只顾及自己，而没有看到和顾及整个人类，所以它的前景必是有限的。现代世界已有各种足够的交流贸易渠道，使经济体之间畅通交流，竞争而不封闭。这减少了世界大战的可能，因没有武力强行夺取资源的动力。但各国经济发展的速度不同，就容易在和平竞争中产生制造麻烦的消极的动机。这动机不应该也决不文明。没有有效的法律，私有制在极限损人利己方面是危险的。虽然这个中国新生儿，浑身还带有胚胎的污迹，但它一不侵略，二不对外掠夺，通过自身的混合生产制度，带来的最大规模和最快的经济发展，这混合比例反映了这先进文明的体制适合中国的生产条件。对这部分的阻挠和破坏绝非是文明的表现。过度激烈的反应和反对只能说明是面临落后时不应有的担忧与痛苦。

 

在中国崛起之前，美国独领风骚约两百年。由于经济的强劲发展，使它的意识形态，军事和金融等在世界上独占鳌头，取得世界人们的广泛认同，在人类的发展史上具有十分积极的作用，值得各国学习和借鉴。直到现在其国内的做法仍旧有积极的意义。但一国国内的优良的体制不能自然证明其对外的政策是否正确。因此，从文明的角度出发，应很好地利用自己的优势，发展人类的文明，使世界较弱的国家受惠，而从文明的角度讲，绝不应该相反，这是也文明的表现。这不是吃亏。认为吃亏是小肚鸡肠，严重自私的表现，是落后不文明的表现，这也说明文明不文明是不能以文明产物例如国家和文字等发达不发达为标准，因它就不会包括思想道德的问题，而必须以对人类前进有否历史的推动作用为标准。美国以它强大的军队警察情报和法庭等国家机器和世界另外三个国家的意识相对较强的国家中国，日本，德国一起创造了比其他任何国家至少2倍的GDP，这不是偶然的。

 

中国以前所未有的经济发展速度，第一次证明了公有制的价值与强大的生命力，虽然目前生产条件还不允许公有制单独存在，还要部分借助私有制的力量以便能快速地发展经济，因私有制在现在的生产条件下仍有其历史的积极作用。但问题是我们必须看到中国的速度即不是纯粹的私有制和纯粹的公有制所造成，而是混有公有制这一新鲜因素而形成。公有制是崭新的体制，它经过苏联和中国上百年的不断尝试失败又尝试的过程。这种体制不仅证明了它的生命力，而且只有在这种体制下才能引导人们逐步走向彻底消灭贫富差距。如果纯粹的私有制和纯粹的公有制现在都已证明不行，混合制也不行，那还能设想第四种所有制吗？混合制已在中国证明了它的有效性，不过各国混合的比例不同，必需要根据各自的国情。

 

这次抗疫表现的空前团结让人震撼，它无疑会转化为发展经济无限的团结力量，这就是集体的联合力量，是中国速度的秘密。

 

尽管世界各国的文化各有不同，文明也细分为中华文明、日本文明、印度文明、伊斯兰文明、西方文明、东正教文明、拉美文明，非洲文明等。但人类文化总体是积极的，美好的，文明占文化的主要部分，否则人类就不会进步。人类文化大体有欣赏美好的相同标准，又有表现形式的相异之处。文明有自然不断发展美好而无限的前景，又有在和自然与人类自己的两大斗争中可能不幸的结局。那种先来到，是不可预知的。但人类存在一天就会争取美好前景的一天，这是无疑的。人类判断文化好坏的标准，欣赏文明美好思想的核心标准是基本一致的。在两大斗争中不管各种经济家，政治家，哲学家，建筑家和美术家等等如何解释和改造世界，归根到底即根本目的必会在彻底摆脱人类的贫穷与消灭贫富差距上归为一致，争取实现真正彻底的平等，它自然是人类文明的基本标准。

 

中国现力争全速发展经济，使全体摆脱绝对的贫穷。联合国也制定了全球脱贫的目标，可见这些努力是世界的，是人类的共同目标。但脱贫不是要消灭一般的富有，当然超级富有应该抑制，而是要改变提高贫穷的生活及收入水平。文明是属于世界的，是人类共同的财富。

 

The Culture, Civilization, Struggle and Endings of Mankind

--The Civilization and its endings of Mankind

 

Mankind has entered the stage of advanced civilization, looking back, we say, apart from historical misunderstandings, there is no fundamental conflict between the true civilizations of mankind. Conflicting is caused by the negative factors in human thoughts and cultures. Conflict is not basically the result of a beautiful civilization of mankind. In ancient times till nowadays, in China and abroad, the standards of good and bad of human civilization, the standards of appreciation of good things basically are same with only small differences. But it is the different interests that have been driving the mankind’s conflicts. In the past years, the invasions of one country against another and the territorial expansions were the main method by which some of ancient people seized economic benefits, although the objective effects varied. Bullying another relatively weak peoples, or the bullying of the ruling class against their own people, is the result of negative elements in the ideology and culture, and the subjective motives of these acts must not be called human civilization. Civilization should not be measured by some of its products, but by whether or not it pushes history forward. Such civilization does not only summarize the full history of mankind development for hundreds of thousands of years, but also includes ideology and morality into the category whether it is civilized or not (detailed in another article).

 

It appears that the conflicts between European Christianity, represented by the United States, and Islam represented by Iran and Iraq in recent decades, are a continuation of the thousand-year conflict between Christianity and Islam, and someone even said that this is the conflict between Christian civilization and Islamic civilization. The fights between the two religions are an objective reality, but it should not simply summarize as the conflict between the two civilizations, which confuses the backward motives of the initiators of the conflicts with their victimized outcomes. These motives are by no means civilized. These economic, political and religious conflicts should be summarized as the results of the private ownership by nature. Once without bound of the laws, the private ownership will inevitably show serious selfish, i.e. harm others to benefit one’s own, attempt to mercilessly swallow up the others. Samuel · Huntington predicted that the contradiction and struggle between Christianity and Islam will intensify. This is important to predict so, but the more important is to have the correct analysis of the nature.

 

Culture is not equal to civilization. In the long history of mankind, due to the separation, different tribes formed different countries, different cultures, they have continued to present days. Culture should include its past, present and future. Culture is the basis of civilization and the expression of human thought. Its main significance lies in satisfying the different needs of human material and spirit and the inheritance of thoughts. Things without thoughts or connotation of certain thoughts are not cultures. Culture is classified as historical positive and negative factors. The positive factors of culture are human civilizations. For example, the primitive civilization embodied in the first significant leap from ape man to modern man since the use of fire hundreds of thousands of years ago, the strives that push production forward, promoting and praise of this forward, the superstructures and foreign relations and their consciousness which can push forward social progresses and reduce the gap between the poor and rich, a piece of project, scientific researches and technologies, artistic performances, paintings, sculptures and architectures, military arts, good laws, religions that persuade people to be good, positive faiths and their promotions together have constituted the human civilizations i.e. beautiful things. These are reflected in The first emperor Qin standardized money, weights and measures, writing system and vehicles with unified gauge, the philosophies of China's Spring and Autumn Warring States, the Han and Tang civilizations, the philosophies, literatures of different dynasties and the present opening up and reforms and the economic development; The ancient Greek civilization, the Renaissance, various artistic paintings, sculptures and buildings, the industrial revolutions, various positive political theories, and the post-war economic development of Europe; The independence of the United States, the emancipation of the slaves, the current economic development of the United States and its democratic structures and consciousness suitable for the American conditions and so on.

 

Human civilizations will not bully the weak owing to their own stronger, cannot sit back and watch the existence of the rich and the poor and its widening although at first these voices have been very weak, but this really reflect the voice of civilization. The negative factors are the backward factors in history. Some of the positives factors in history may turn into negative as production conditions progress. Negative factors cause conflicts between different human races and between people in a country, which are the root reasons of conflicts. Therefore, except to temporary misunderstanding, there may be some conflicts between civilizations, but the main reasons that cause human conflicts are the negative factors. The positive elements of human cultures, namely civilizations are essentially the same and there have been no fundamental conflicts.

 

Only in this way to understand culture and civilization, we will not misuse the words of culture and civilization; arbitrarily say the conflict of civilization as if bullying and aggression against other country is the conflict and contradiction between good and beautiful things. Only in this way can we distinguish between the historically right and wrong thoughts of human and the historically positive and negative factors. By confusing positive and negative facts of cultures, we cannot distinguish between good and evil, ugliness and beauty of history and reality.

 

From the history of the world, mankind has two great struggles, that is, the struggle with the nature and the struggle among mankind. In these struggles, there are two great progresses and two major mistakes that men have made.

 

The first struggle is the one with the nature, which is the struggle to change men’s poorness and backwardness. In this process, the great progress men have made is greatly improving productive force and production conditions marked by the industrial revolutions. But in this struggle with nature, a big wrong thing that human made is that men should not go to the wrong point to demand excessively too much that have caused irreversible and fundamental damage to the climate and the environment. This will destroy the earth and the environment on which human being depends. This is very clear.

 

The second type of struggle is the one among people with ultimate goal to eliminate the gap between the rich and the poor completely. This goal is both the embodiment of any lofty targets, the unshakable and bounden moral responsibility of any civilization as well. Now the majority seeks equal rights of wealth distribution from the minority. This fight includes the development of the economy and striving for good treatments and welfares at the individual and state level from the rulers. Of course the majority will not oppress the minority as long as people do it legally. Therefore, the final outcome of the struggle among mankind must achieve equality for everyone. Therefore, the final key to equality is the complete equal rights of wealth distribution. That is to completely eliminate the gap between the rich and the poor.

 

The biggest and most fundamental problem that tears apart any society is the huge difference between the rich and poor. And the gaps between relative to absolute rich and poor have been always plaguing humanity. The gap is the ultimate source of all unreasonable phenomena. So to eliminate the gap is to eliminate all unreasonable phenomena. The gap basically lies in the difference in right of enjoyment of material wealth. This is something that private owners are most unwilling to mention, but it is the most critical one. “More pay for more works” is only correct in case of the tough production conditions comparatively. When scientific progress has reduced the intensity for most works to the point where all people is willing to work voluntarily, “more works” will be no longer needed and required, and “more pay” will naturally lose its reason to exist. At that time, on the basis of the abundant wealth produced, the equal rights for everyone to distribute the wealth can be truly realized. This equality will replace the gap between the rich and the poor.

 

In this struggle, what mankind has achieved is, above all, a sense of equality. But the equality has political equality and economic equality.

 

The biggest ideological difference among human beings is their understanding of private and public ownerships. Private ownership, in particular capitalism, has constituted humanity's past glory by concentrating its precious but not abundant resources. But this does not mean eternity, because private ownership is based on the inequity of the world, which is an insuperable threshold. Passed the threshold is no longer private ownership, because if equal distribution is made, why should private ownership be needed? As mankind, it is bound to overpass, because human in future must be equal completely. In 1948, UN adopted “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” which represented a great political advance that was required by mankind for equality. But its deficiency the UN had was UN did not see that there would not be the true political equality without the full economic equality. Full economic equality does not only mean equal right to work, of course it is the prerequisite. The decisive equality in the economy also means equality in the right of wealth distribution for everyone. This is the basis and ideal lacked in the declaration. And the necessary condition for economic complete equality is the destruction of private ownership and the establishment of public ownership. Since the natural tendency and foundation of private ownership is the inequality of the wealth distribution. Private owners need to continuously expand the gap between the rich and the poor to get more incentives rather than to narrow it down till elimination, that is, increase inequality. Only the public ownership can realize complete equality, can completely eliminate the gap between the rich and the poor, because only wealth is owned by collectives rather than individuals can be equally distributed to everyone.

 

In the world affairs, it should not be a question as who is in charge, as worried as the central issue in recent Munich Security Conference. It must vary with the speed of the respective economic developments of countries. Don't always look back, rather we need look forward. One always looks back will be more and more unconvinced, and even make some uncivilized behavior. Looking forward will keep you incentive ahead. What matters is who makes his people happier, more equal and faster to eliminate the gap between the rich and the poor without taking advantage of the weak countries. Of course, in a short period of time, the focus of their respective development is different, but within a reasonable period of time it should bring performances.

 

The so-called discrepancy in the values of key modern civilization is not actually different in the values of east and west views about civilization, but the one in different responsibilities and understanding problem. The first is that the sequence of historical priorities is different, and the second is that defects in understanding do not represent differences in civilization. “Hypocritical democracy” is, in theoretical nature, essentially write off the great progressive significance of democracy, even for partial democracy. We must admit that these ideas have great progressive significance politically. However, it is harmful in theory and practice that the so-called “authoritarianism” negates the development order chosen as first economy and second political issue, and requires to follow the pattern of one country, all in the same way. The fundamental flaw is the lack of economic foundation. The economy development needs to achieve certain level and prosperity, and political democracy will naturally follow the trend of history to develop. But when political democracy develops and economic democracy does not, political democracy cannot well develop. The reality of civilization is that democracy drives history forward, that is, the two must be balanced and complementary. From the view of push history forward, only there is true economic equality, can the freedom, equality and human right be truly achieved. And economic equality does not only mean the equal opportunity to work but also equal wealth distribution. The flaw of the democracy theory now is not only concerned with money, but democracy also relies in centralization, because democracy and centralization supplement each other.

 

Hayek was largely right so far in his judgment that the market economy was the most efficient and desirable resource allocation system ever discovered. But history moves ahead. Men gradually have adopted computers and 5G technologies. Times are quite different from Hayek's era, and have subversively and dramatically been lifting the productivity and its conditions of his time. Computers and 5G are doing astronomically quickly arithmetic operations on a scale unimaginable in Hayek's day. To calculate a number level as population of a billion in a country, or number level of several billions of population in the world, is as easy as pie for modern computers in both calculating and storage. But how to transform these astronomically fast computing operations into more efficient economic activity remains unsolved. And China is just beginning to address the problem on a large scale. This is not only a matter of calculating timely consumer demands and its changes, but also a matter of the private ownerships of every country that chop up economies. Therefore the market economy is so far the most efficient, absolutely not the planned economy. A portion of planned economy in China still has to rely on the market to balance demand and supply, For example, the reality of the ratio mixed the state-owned with private economies and their respective contributions to the economy. Even those planned parts of the production ultimately depend on the final adjustment of the market. That proves the efficiency of market economy. However, we can imagine and predict through our extraordinary brains, the planned economy will use the computers and 5G, to prove us that human beings can plan all resources more effectively than the blind market economy, more timely response to the needs of the market and its changes. Humans can eventually plan their own affairs better therefore to avoid the cyclical economic crisis brought by the market economy due to the blindness.

 

In the state-to-state struggle, due to less effective and mandatory laws and some strong power oppress and bully the weak arbitrarily. Comparing their domestic conflicts, this is more prominent problem as how to use the common civilization of mankind, i.e. the moral code in struggle with same kind. To be a patriotic hero, the spirit is commendable, but to be careful with the distinction with Nazi. Hitler and the Nazis showed fanatical patriotism at the beginning, but later showed their fierceness to lunch invasions and massacres. The two World Wars that we experienced were the darkest and most uncivilized period for mankind. In the World War II, the Nazis showed extreme national self-egoism, not only invaded other countries, but even more atrociously exterminating the Jewish race. The prohibition of nuclear proliferation is right, but the problem is that it goes beyond the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and request excessive demands, as matter of facts, it pursues military interests to the maximum extent possible. It is totally wrong, undermining the international non-proliferation treaty reached by the six countries. After being rejected the excessive demands, they lunched extreme pressures, which is in fact to spare no effort to infringe upon the interests of other nations in order to satisfy the so-called security interests of their own nation. To put extreme pressure on other nations is same as to infringe upon the interests of others and is against human civilization. Because the extreme pressures mean to harm not only the military but also the ordinary people. Even the third country saying some fair words also get attacked and punishments. This is a bit like the Mafia, only missed is massacre. The key difference between the patriotic hero and the Nazi is made concern with the interests of the one’s own country. Patriotic hero is formed in the fights when country seriously harmed and this is recognized by the most people. However Nazi was formed in the name of country’s interest, to invade other countries and to kill other nations. And the key difference is whether one infringes the interests of other nation. Launch of war against others due to the excessive demand is nether just nor civilized. It is massacre and same as the Nazi. It would be extremely dark and extremely anti-civilization, worse than that.

 

We have entered the 21st century, and the dawn of civilization has been shining on all mankind. We must not make any excuse for the interests of our own nation, however follow the Nazi path and infringe upon the interests of other nations. Now is time of the key to civilization. The world should help the weak. And games are not all zero results. The strong power should not bully the weak so that stronger. But countries need co- existence and win-win developments. Modern civilization shows that human society in the world will be one community.

 

In the history, the minority for quick and better lives, human has taken a curve road in ownership. It started from the primitive public ownership under which men barely survived. After it, societies transited into the private ownership based on the unequal wealth distribution, and then on the basis of great abundant material productions, mankind’s societies inevitably will return to the public ownership. In short, eliminating the gap between the rich and the poor is the center of all human civilizations and target, which fundamentally frees human beings from the way of thinking and acting i.e. the law of the jungle that animals follow to prey. It is the greatest common divisor of eastern and western cultures, and is the inevitable conclusion of all positive propositions and political theories and great target.

 

The greatest mistake men made in this struggle among themselves is the invention and proliferation of atomic weapons that could destroy mankind. Because atomic weapons could lead to mankind to die out and fundamentally destroy the environment and the earth on which we depend. The countries with atomic weapons should declare publicly and undertake jointly no use atomic weapons at first to anyone, therefore countries without atomic weapons can obey the requirement never trying to seek atomic weapons. Otherwise how can they request others be genuinely convinced not to seek atomic weapons? Keeping the right to first use atomic weapons is equal to keep possibility to destroy mankind! Although undertaking no use atomic weapons first seems unfavorable from the point of views of the fights tactically, however in terms of human destiny, it is an indispensable step toward truly stop the proliferation of atomic weapons.

 

Before these two mistakes in the two struggles are produced the ultimate and significant harms, human being can correct the mistakes or not, it directly concerns with mankind’s final destiny. About the natural final destiny of mankind, Confucius said more than two thousand years ago, “It does not worry about the scarcity but inequality.” Now, it seems that the “inequality” has not only generated inequality but also the abundancy. However the scarcity also has inspired to produce the abundancy, the final and natural outcome of the abundancy will be the equality inevitably and finally. The abundancy means that owned by workers of various kind, but does not mean that owned by those who do not really work. That is the history.

 

The competition between China and the United States is by far the largest competition in the history. This competition should conduct in a peaceful environment, forming a healthy one, such as sports games. Under strict and reasonable rules, all athletes’ efforts should focus on the improvement of their own performances. However one should not use any excuse to make trouble to each other because worry about lagging behind.

 

Private economy makes people see only and take care only of themselves, and don't see and take care of the entire humankind, so its prospects will be certainly limited. The modern world already has enough channels for exchanges and foreign trades to allow for smooth exchanges between economic entities “compete but not close”, It reduces possibility of world wars, because there is no too much motivation to usurp natural resources by force. However, different economic development speeds among countries tend to generate negative moods to make troubles in peaceful competition. It shouldn’t and by no means civilized. Private ownership without the mandatory laws can be of risks that can extremely harm others to benefit one’s own. Although this Chinese newborn baby with many embryo stains, but China, neither aggress nor externally plunder, through its own mixed systems of ownerships, has brought the largest population to the fastest economic development, which reflects their system is more advanced and civilized; its mixed ratio is suitable for its current production conditions. Obstruction and destruction against this system is behaviors uncivilized. And excessive response and opposition can only illustrate the concerns, fears and sufferings in the face of being surpassed, that shouldn’t.

 

Before China's rise, the United States has taken the lead in the world for about two hundred years. Because of its strong economic development, its ideology, military and finance and so on is leading the world, has obtained the wide recognition of the world. In the history of human development, it has a very positive role, worthy of study and taking reference by other countries. Until now, the way it is doing in domestic still have had positive meanings. However a good domestic system cannot naturally justify its foreign policies. Therefore, from the perspective of civilization, one should make good use of one’s own advantages stronger forces to help the weaker countries, and for no any reason from the point of view of civilization should do the opposite. This is also the civilized performance. It should not consider the assistances as “lose out”. If it is, it can only demonstrate the mind is so low, narrow and uncivilized. This illustrates the civilization or not cannot be defined by civilized products such as country or text, owing to those exclusive of ideology and morality, rather it must be measured by pushing human history advance or not. In fact, the United States has established very strong state apparatuses with its powerful military force, police, intelligence and courts and so on, together with the other three countries with relatively strong country consciousness-- China, Japan and Germany -- when compared with other powers have created double size of GDP at least. It is not by chance.

 

With unprecedented speed of economic development, China has first time proved the value and strong vitality of public ownership, although the current production conditions do not allow public ownership to exist alone, borrowing partly the power of private ownership in order to develop the economy quickly, due to that private ownership is still positive in the current production conditions. But the problem is that we have to see that China speed is not achieved by pure private and public ownership, but by mixed economy with the new element of public ownership. Public ownership is a brand-new system that has undergone the period of trial and errors in the Soviet Union and China for more than a hundred years. This system does not only prove its vitality, but also can illustrate in theory that only this system can gradually, finally and completely eliminate the gap between the rich and the poor. If pure private, public and mixed ownership all will not work, then can you imagine the fourth kind of ownership? And mixed ownership has been proved effective in China；Only except for the mixed ratios differ from each country according to their own situations. The unprecedented unity shown in the fight against the Coronavirus is shocked. It will undoubtedly be transformed into an unlimited unity for economic development. This is the collective unity, the secret of China's speed.

 

Although the world's cultures are different, civilization is also subdivided into Chinese civilization, US civilization, Japanese civilization, Indian civilization, Islamic civilization, Western civilization, Orthodox civilization, Latin American civilization, African civilization and so on. But human culture as a whole is positive and beautiful. And the civilization occupies the main part of cultures, otherwise human could not make any progress. The standard of human judgment to good or bad of cultures and the core standard of appreciating the beautiful thought of civilization are basically the same. At same time the pattern manifestation are various. Civilization has its unlimited and beautiful prospect, however also has possibly unfortunate end in the two struggles with nature and human. Which come first, It’s unpredictable. But, the day human beings exist, the day they will strive for a better future, there is no doubt about it. In the two great struggles as said before, regardless of how all economists, politicians, philosophers, architects and artists, etc. interpret and build the world, in the final analysis, the fundamental purpose will be unified as to get rid of human poverty completely, and to strive for the equal wealth distribution for everyone, which is basic, true and complete equality of all other equalities. Naturally it is the basic standard of human civilizations.

 

China is now striving to develop its economy at full speed so that all Chinese people can finally get rid of absolute poverty, and the United Nations has also set target for global poverty eradication, which shows that these efforts are the world's common goal of mankind. But poverty eradication is not eliminating the general rich, but of course the super-rich should be restrained, but lift the life and income levels of the poor. Civilization belongs to the world and is the common wealth of mankind.